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George Holyoake
George Jacob Holyoake (13 April 1817 – 22 January 1906), was a British secularist, co-operator, and newspaper editor. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851〔Holyoake, G.J. (1896). ''Origin and Nature of Secularism'', London: Watts & Co., p.50.〕 and the term "jingoism" in 1878.〔Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 113〕 He edited a Secularist paper, the ''Reasoner'', from 1846 to June 1861, and a Co-operative paper, ''The English Leader'', from 1864-67.〔Edward Royle, Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791-1866 (University of Manchester, 1974), available via (Google Books )〕
==Early Life==
George Jacob Holyoake was born in Birmingham, where his father was a whitesmith and his mother a button maker. He attended a dame school, but began working half-days at the same foundry as his father at the age of eight and also learned the whitesmithing trade. At eighteen, he began attending lectures at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, where he discovered the socialist writings of Robert Owen and eventually became an assistant lecturer. He married Eleanor Williams in 1839 and decided to become a full-time teacher, but was rejected for promotion because of his socialist views. Unable to obtain a full-time teaching position, Holyoake instead took a job as an Owenite Social Missionary. His first post was in Worcester and the following year he was transferred to a more important position in Sheffield.
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